Current Distribution Rangewide

The American peregrine falcon breeds locally from North to Central America [1]. Winters throughout North America from Alaska and Canada south to Mexico.

Known Populations in San Diego County

Sweetwater Reservoir, Borrego Valley, Point Loma, and Ysidora Gorge [2].

List Status

FP [3].

Habitat Affinities

Uses a variety of habitats; nests are generally on ledges of large cliff faces [4]. May also occasionally nest on the ground or in trees, tall buildings, bridges, or other tall man-made structures [5]. Forages in a variety of open habitats, including tundra, marshes, seacoasts, savannahs, grasslands, meadows, open woodlands, and agricultural areas.

Taxonomy and Genetics

Nineteen recognized subspecies, three of which occur in North America [4]. One of the three North American species, Falco peregrinus anatum, is the only one known to breed in California. Subspecies differentiated by geographic distribution, plumage, and morphometrics.

Seasonal Activity

Year-long, diurnal activity [2]. Generally a San Diego resident from October to February, but recolonized in San Diego County in 2004, breeding at artificial and natural sites. Breeds from early March to late August [6].

Life History/Reproduction

In North America, the original breeding range of the American peregrine falcon has diminished drastically due to the impacts of DDT and other chemicals [7]. Breeding occurs from early March to late August. Nests are usually on cliffs, but the falcon will also use the ground, tall trees, buildings, bridges, or other man-made structures near preferred foraging areas. Clutch size usually 3-4 eggs and incubation is about 32 days. Nesting success ranges from 47-80%. A second clutch may be laid if eggs are damaged early enough in the breeding season [7].

Diet and Foraging

Feeds on variety of birds, mammals, insects, and fish [6]. Rarely hunts from a perch and will generally swoop onto its prey or chase prey in flight.

Threats

Human disturbances to nesting areas has led to desertion of the nest in early stages of incubation [8]. Illegal shooting on wintering grounds, electrocution from utility poles, collision with vehicles, and poisoning from organochlorides are also threats. Since the ban on DDT, populations have increased, enabling the species to fully recover.

Literature Sources