Photo Credit: Jessie Vinje
Photo Credit: Emily Perkins
Goal: Maintain or enhance existing willowy monardella occurrences and establish new occurrences, as needed, to ensure multiple conserved occurrences with self sustaining populations to increase resilience to environmental and demographic stochasticity, maintain genetic diversity, and ensure persistence over the long term (>100 years) in coastal sage scrub vegetation communities.
Management units: 4, 6
From 2017-2021, inspect willowy monardella occurrences annually on Conserved Lands (see occurrence table) using the regional rare plant IMG monitoring protocol to record abundance and collect habitat and threats covariate data to determine management needs.
| Action | Statement | Action status | Projects |
|---|---|---|---|
| IMP-1 | Based upon occurrence status and threats, determine management needs including whether routine management or more intensive management is warranted. | available for implementation | |
| IMP-2 | Submit project metadata, monitoring datasets and management recommendations to the MSP Web Portal. | available for implementation |
| Criteria | Deadline year |
|---|---|
| Surveys Completed Annually with Management Recommendations | 2021 |
| Threat Name | Threat Code |
|---|---|
| Altered fire regime | ALTFIR |
| Altered hydrology | ALTHYD |
| Human uses of the Preserves | HUMUSE |
| Invasive plants | INVPLA |
Management units: 4, 6
Beginning in 2017, conduct routine management actions identified through the annual IMG monitoring at willowy monardella occurrences on Conserved Lands (see occurrence table). Depending on the type and level of threat, management should be conducted as needed, not necessarily every year, and using BMPs with precautions to do no harm.
| Action | Statement | Action status | Projects |
|---|---|---|---|
| IMP-1 | Perform routine management activities such as protecting occurrences from disturbance through fencing and enforcement and controlling invasive non-native plant species =20% absolute cover. | available for implementation | |
| IMP-2 | Submit project metadata and management data to the MSP Web Portal. | available for implementation |
| Criteria | Deadline year |
|---|---|
| Routine Management Completed as Needed Based Upon Monitoring Recommendations | 2021 |
| Threat Name | Threat Code |
|---|---|
| Altered fire regime | ALTFIR |
| Altered hydrology | ALTHYD |
| Human uses of the Preserves | HUMUSE |
| Invasive plants | INVPLA |
Management units: 4, 6
In 2017, complete the study begun in 2016 to characterize the population genetic structure, gene flow, and genetic diversity for willowy monardella occurrences (see occurrence table). The study will determine if there is evidence of mixed ploidy levels within or among occurrences; evaluate vulnerability of occurrences to genetic drift and loss of genetic diversity; assess the level of gene flow among occurrences; identify if there are signatures of genetic bottlenecks or low genetic diversity in occurrences that have undergone recent reductions; and look for evidence of local population adaptation. Based on the results of the genetic analyses, management recommendations will include whether common garden and reciprocal transplantations are necessary before proceeding with population enhancement or restoration and will provide specific recommendations for collecting and redistributing or bulking seed to enhance existing occurrences or establish new occurrences.
| Action | Statement | Action status | Projects |
|---|---|---|---|
| RES-1 | Use BMPs to collect plant material for genetic samples at willowy monardella occurrences in the MSPA. | In progress | |
| RES-2 | Hold a workshop of scientists, rare plant experts, and land managers to develop management recommendations based upon the results of genetic analyses. | In progress | |
| RES-3 | Evaluate the overall long-term genetic trajectory for willowy monardella. | In progress | |
| RES-4 | Submit project metadata, genetic datasets and analyses, and report with management recommendations to the MSP Web Portal. | In progress |
| Criteria | Deadline year |
|---|---|
| Genetic Study with Management Recommendations Completed in 2017 | 2021 |
| Threat Name | Threat Code |
|---|---|
| Loss of connectivity | LOSCON |
Management units: 4, 6
In 2019, survey historic willowy monardella locations to determine occurrence status; survey and delineate potentially suitable habitat for new occurrences; survey existing occurrences to identify the potential for enhancement and expansion; and at all sites collect data on occurrence status, habitat and threats and determine management needs. Conduct a hydrological evaluation at each site to determine the current hydrology and risk to existing or potential occurrences from erosion and flooding. Prioritize all evaluated sites based on feasibility of maintaining a sustainable population over the long term and recommend management needed to reduce threats to existing and potential new occurrences.
| Action | Statement | Action status | Projects |
|---|---|---|---|
| SURV-1 | At each extant occurrence, map the extent of the occurrence, collect data on abundance, map adjacent suitable habitat for potential occurrence expansion, collect covariate data on threats including estimates of cover of invasive non-native plants and trampling. | on hold | |
| SURV-2 | Submit project metadata, habitat mapping, and a report with site prioritizations and recommendations for management based upon occurrence status, habitat and threats assessments and hydrological evaluations to the MSP Web Portal. | on hold |
| Criteria | Deadline year |
|---|---|
| Surveys and Report Completed by 2019 | 2021 |
| Threat Name | Threat Code |
|---|---|
| Altered fire regime | ALTFIR |
| Altered hydrology | ALTHYD |
| Human uses of the Preserves | HUMUSE |
| Invasive plants | INVPLA |
| Urban development | URBDEV |
Management units: 4, 6
In 2020, begin preparing a section for willowy monardella in the MSP Seed Collection, Banking and Bulking Plan that incorporates best science and management practices (Wall 2009, KEW 2016) to preserve genetic diversity and rescue occurrences in case of catastrophic disturbance. The plan should also include recommendations from the 2016-2017 genetic study and the 2019 baseline surveys and hydrological evaluation to guide collection and storage of seeds over the long term at a permanent, established conservation seed bank (e.g., Institute for Conservation Research Native Plant Seed Bank, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Seed Conservation Program) and for providing a source of seeds for management purposes. The plan should include recommendations for: collecting and storing seeds for conservation banking; management oriented research; rescuing occurrences after catastrophic disturbances; and seed bulking and out-planting to augment extant occurrences or to establish new occurrences with consideration of genetic implications for population sustainability.
| Action | Statement | Action status | Projects |
|---|---|---|---|
| PRP-1 | Consult the San Diego County Rare Plant Working Group made up of plant ecologists, geneticists, rare plant experts, land managers, restoration practitioners, seed banking and bulking practitioners, wildlife agencies, MCAS Miramar, and other stakeholders to provide input and recommendations for the willowy monardella section in the MSP Seed Collection, Banking and Bulking Plan. | some occurrences are in progress | California Plant Rescue (CaPR) - San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance's Native Plant Seed Bank |
| PRP-2 | Prepare the seed collection plan to incorporate genetic study results and with recommendations to collect seeds over multiple years and several times within a season, accumulate seeds across populations, and to sample among habitats and ecological niches. Include guidelines for collecting and storing seeds along maternal lines and to provide propagules to be used in management experiments, enhancement of existing occurrences, and establishment of new occurrences. | some occurrences are in progress | California Plant Rescue (CaPR) - San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance's Native Plant Seed Bank |
| PRP-3 | The seed collection plan should have guidelines for collecting seeds from occurrences of sufficient size to accommodate harvest. Include provisions for collecting seed from unconserved populations planned for development. | some occurrences are in progress | California Plant Rescue (CaPR) - San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance's Native Plant Seed Bank |
| PRP-4 | Include protocols and guidelines for collecting voucher specimens and submitting to the San Diego Natural History Museum (McEachern et al. 2007). | some occurrences are in progress | California Plant Rescue (CaPR) - San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance's Native Plant Seed Bank |
| PRP-5 | Include guidelines for testing seeds for viability and to obtain information on dormancy and germination rates. | some occurrences are in progress | California Plant Rescue (CaPR) - San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance's Native Plant Seed Bank |
| PRP-6 | Submit project metadata and the MSP Seed Collection, Banking and Bulking Plan to MSP Web Portal. | some occurrences are in progress | California Plant Rescue (CaPR) - San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance's Native Plant Seed Bank |
| Criteria | Deadline year |
|---|---|
| By 2020, Completed Willowy Monardella Section in the MSP Seed Collection, Banking and Bulking Plan | 2021 |
| Threat Name | Threat Code |
|---|---|
| Altered fire regime | ALTFIR |
| Altered hydrology | ALTHYD |
| Climate change | CLICHN |
| Human uses of the Preserves | HUMUSE |
| Invasive plants | INVPLA |
| Urban development | URBDEV |
Management units: 4, 6
In 2021, begin implementing high priority actions for willowy monardella in the MSP Seed Collection, Banking and Bulking Plan to collect and store seeds at a permanent seed bank and to provide propagules as needed for management oriented research, existing population enhancement and establishment of new occurrences.
| Action | Statement | Action status | Projects |
|---|---|---|---|
| IMP-1 | Bulk seed at a qualified facility for enhancement, expansion, establishment or transplantation projects using seed from genetically appropriate donor accessions in the propagation seed bank collection. | waiting for precedent action | California Plant Rescue (CaPR) - San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance's Native Plant Seed Bank |
| IMP-2 | Maintain records for collected seed to document donor and receptor sites, collection dates and amounts. Submit seed collection, storage and bulking data to the MSP Web Portal. | waiting for precedent action | California Plant Rescue (CaPR) - San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance's Native Plant Seed Bank |
| Criteria | Deadline year |
|---|---|
| By 2024, =2 Seed Collection, Banking and Bulking Action Completed for Willowy Monardella | 2021 |
| Threat Name | Threat Code |
|---|---|
| Altered fire regime | ALTFIR |
| Altered hydrology | ALTHYD |
| Climate change | CLICHN |
| Human uses of the Preserves | HUMUSE |
| Invasive plants | INVPLA |
| Urban development | URBDEV |
Management units: 4, 6
In 2020, begin preparing a section for willowy monardella in the MSP Rare Plant Management Plan that prioritizes management actions to maintain the large occurrence and enhance at least 4 small occurrences on Conserved Lands (see occurrence table) based upon an assessment of data on occurrence status, habitat and threats. Prepare prioritized management recommendations to re-establish historic occurrences or new occurrences in suitable habitat, if determined to be necessary for gene flow and to maintain self sustaining populations for the long term persistence of the species in the MSPA. Minimum criteria for enhancement are to reduce invasive annual nonnative plants and thatch to less than 20% absolute cover within the occurrence.
| Action | Statement | Action status | Projects |
|---|---|---|---|
| PRP-1 | Consult the San Diego County Rare Plant Working Group made up of plant ecologists, geneticists, rare plant experts, land managers, restoration practitioners, seed banking and bulking practitioners, wildlife agencies, MCAS Miramar, and other stakeholders to provide input and recommendations for the willowy monardella section in the MSP Rare Plant Management Plan. | waiting for precedent action | |
| PRP-2 | Develop a conceptual model that identifies management actions to effectively reduce threats to willowy monardella occurrences. | waiting for precedent action | |
| PRP-3 | Prioritize occurrences for management based upon an assessment of occurrence status, the potential for management to significantly reduce identified threats, and the availability of adjacent suitable habitat for occurrence expansion. | waiting for precedent action | |
| PRP-4 | Develop an implementation plan for willowy monardella that prioritizes management actions for the next 5 years and details tasks, lead entities, responsibilities, and timelines, budgets. | waiting for precedent action | |
| PRP-5 | Submit project metadata and MSP Rare Plant Management Plan to the MSP Web Portal. | waiting for precedent action |
| Criteria | Deadline year |
|---|---|
| By 2020, Completed Willowy Monardella Section in MSP Rare Plant Management Plan | 2021 |
| Threat Name | Threat Code |
|---|---|
| Altered fire regime | ALTFIR |
| Altered hydrology | ALTHYD |
| Climate change | CLICHN |
| Human uses of the Preserves | HUMUSE |
| Invasive plants | INVPLA |
| Urban development | URBDEV |
Management units: 4, 6
In 2021, begin implementing highest priority management actions identified for willowy monardella in the MSP Rare Plant Management Plan.
| Action | Statement | Action status | Projects |
|---|---|---|---|
| IMP-1 | Submit metadata, management datasets, and report to the MSP Web Portal. | waiting for precedent action |
| Criteria | Deadline year |
|---|---|
| By 2024, =2 High Priority Management Action Implemented for Willowy Monardella from the MSP Rare Plant Management Plan | 2021 |
| Threat Name | Threat Code |
|---|---|
| Altered fire regime | ALTFIR |
| Altered hydrology | ALTHYD |
| Climate change | CLICHN |
| Human uses of the Preserves | HUMUSE |
| Invasive plants | INVPLA |
| Urban development | URBDEV |
Management units: 4, 6
In 2021, monitor effectiveness of implementation of highest priority management actions identified in the willowy monardella section in the MSP Rare Plant Management Plan.
| Action | Statement | Action status | Projects |
|---|---|---|---|
| IMP-1 | Submit metadata, management effectiveness datasets, analyses, and report to the MSP Web Portal. | waiting for precedent action |
| Criteria | Deadline year |
|---|---|
| Effectiveness of High Priority Management Actions Determined | 2021 |
| Threat Name | Threat Code |
|---|---|
| Altered fire regime | ALTFIR |
| Altered hydrology | ALTHYD |
| Climate change | CLICHN |
| Human uses of the Preserves | HUMUSE |
| Invasive plants | INVPLA |
| Urban development | URBDEV |
Management units: 4, 6
Beginning in 2018, conduct a post fire evaluation of hydrological processes at willowy monardella occurrences following a fire to determine risks from erosion and flooding and prepare a report with prioritized management recommendations to reduce risk to population persistence and sustainability.
| Action | Statement | Action status | Projects |
|---|---|---|---|
| MON-1 | Submit project metadata, datasets, analyses, and report to the MSP Web Portal. | On hold |
| Criteria | Deadline year |
|---|---|
| Willowy Monardella PostFire Hydrological Evaluation Completed and Report Submitted by 6 Months Post Fire | 2021 |
| Threat Name | Threat Code |
|---|---|
| Altered fire regime | ALTFIR |
| Altered hydrology | ALTHYD |
Management units: 4, 6
Implement recommendations identified for willowy monardella from the post fire hydrological evaluation.
| Action | Statement | Action status | Projects |
|---|---|---|---|
| IMP-1 | Submit management data to the MSP Web Portal. | On hold |
| Criteria | Deadline year |
|---|---|
| By 2 Years Post fire, High Priority Management Actions Implemented for Willowy Monardella from the Post Fire Hydrological Evaluation | 2021 |
| Threat Name | Threat Code |
|---|---|
| Altered fire regime | ALTFIR |
| Altered hydrology | ALTHYD |
Management units: 4, 6
Monitor effectiveness of implementation of highest priority management actions identified in the willowy monardella post fire hydrological evaluation.
| Action | Statement | Action status | Projects |
|---|---|---|---|
| IMP-1 | Submit metadata, management effectiveness datasets, analyses, and report to the MSP Web Portal. | waiting for precedent action |
| Criteria | Deadline year |
|---|---|
| Effectiveness of Post Fire High Priority Management Actions Determined | 2021 |
| Threat Name | Threat Code |
|---|---|
| Altered fire regime | ALTFIR |
| Altered hydrology | ALTHYD |
| Metric | Condition | Trend | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
1. Conserved OccurrencesNumber of known, extant occurrences on conserved lands |
Caution |
Improving |
Moderate |
2. Population StatusNumber of occurrences increasing in size over time |
Significant Concern |
Declining |
High |
3. Threats to OccurrencesPercent of occurrences with significant threats |
Concern |
No Change |
High |
|
Population Genetic Analysis of 6 Rare Plant Species in San Diego County
The first phase (years 1-2) of this research task focused on genetic and cytological screening to determine potential ploidy and population genetic differences among occurrences within species. Upon completion, an expert panel convened to review results of the genetic studies and develop specific recommendations for each species relative to the MSP management objectives planned for that species. These recommendations included designing appropriate common garden or reciprocal transplant studies to determine the fitness consequences of using seed from different populations to increase population size or establish new occurrences. The recommendations also addressed MSP objectives involving seed banking and seed bulking needs for each species. The expert panel also made recommendations on genetic management of populations, including whether genetic connectivity needs to be enhanced or restored to maintain or increase genetic diversity. Recommended and approved studies will be added in the second phase (beginning in year 3). The following questions were specifically addressed in phase 1:
1. What is the status of documented occurrences?
2. Is there evidence of mixed ploidy levels among or within occurrences?
3. What is current genetic structure among and within occurrences in the MSPA? How vulnerable are the occurrences to genetic drift and loss of genetic diversity and is there gene flow between occurrences?
4. Are there signatures of genetic bottlenecks or lower genetic diversity in populations that have undergone recent reductions due to fire, drought, or other causes, or evidence of local adaptation?
5. Based on the cytological and genetic analysis, what are the recommendations for common garden and reciprocal transplantations, for collecting, bulking and distributing seeds for enhancing existing occurrences, and for establishing new occurrences?
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Rare Plant Inspect and Manage Monitoring 2014-2026
From 2014-2026, a Management and Monitoring Strategic Plan (MSP Roadmap) monitoring objective for 30 rare plant species is to inspect occurrences to determine management needs. The inspect and manage (IMG) objective is implemented to document the status of rare plant occurrences and assess habitats and threats to develop specific management recommendations. IMG monitoring is implemented by a combination of land managers and contracted biologists in coordination with the SDMMP. Available rare plant data is posted below. New annual updates are typically posted in March. Based upon an evaluation of these data, a 2014-2026 monitoring schedule has been developed for the 30 rare plant species (attached below). Coordinating data collection across the region allows analyses of species and population trends over time and provides a better understanding of the association between habitat and threat covariates and population dynamics.
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Rare Plant Management and Seed Plan
MSP Roadmap 2019 and 2020 objectives include developing a Management Strategic Plan Framework Rare Plant Management Plan for Conserved Lands in Western San Diego County and a Management Strategic Plan Seed Collection, Banking, and Bulking Plan for Conserved Lands in Western San Diego County. These plans include general sections with background information and rationale for prioritizing and developing management recommendations with separate chapters and specific recommendations for priority species. In 2019, general framework sections were developed along with species chapters for San Diego thornmint, Nuttall's acmispon, salt marsh bird's-beak and Otay tarplant (CBI, AECOM and SDMMP 2020 a,b). In 2020, chapters will be developed for short-leaved dudleya, Orcutt's spineflower, and willowy monardella. These plans are developed with input and guidance provided by the Rare Plant Management Group Steering Committee and species working groups. Participants in these groups include landowners and managers, scientists, species experts, restoration specialists, seed collection and banking practitioners, and representatives from non-profit organizations and wildlife agencies. These plans are based on the latest scientific information for species on habitat relationships, ecology, genetics, seed collection guidelines, and best management practices. Occurrence-specific management recommendations are based on working group input and multiple years of Inspect and Manage monitoring data on population status, habitat associations and threats. These are living documents as new species chapters are added as they are developed and existing chapters are revised when new information becomes available or management actions are completed, and new recommendations are needed.
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A narrow endemic that persists in small isolated occurrences within three watersheds north of Kearny Mesa in San Diego County [1].
Within MSPA, found on Conserved Lands in MUs 4 and 6 [2]. There are natural occurrences in Sycamore, West Sycamore, and Lopez Canyons and translocated occurrences in Flanders and Lopez Canyons. Outside the MSPA, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar supports the majority of occurrences for this species.
FE/CE
Found in coastal sage scrub and riparian scrub in sandy bottoms and on banks of ephemeral washes in canyons where surface water flows for usually less than 48 hours [3]. Soil requirements include coarse sandy grains and sediments and cobble deposits [4]. Sustained by processes of perennial streams. Needs semi-open canopies with limited herbaceous understory. Associated with California buckwheat (E. fasciculatum), sycamore (P. racemosa), coast live oak (Q. agrifolia), California sagebrush (A. californica), and broom baccharis (B. sarathroides) [4].
In mint family (Lamiaceae). Based on morphology and habitat affinities, a change of rank and circumscription was made for Willowy Monardella; two species recognized, M. viminea (Willowy monardella) and M. stoneana Elvin & Sanders (Jennifer’s monardella) [1]. Genetic analysis supports the two taxa as genetically distinct [5]. USFWS recognized the split of Monardella linoides ssp. viminea, into two distinct full species.[3] USFWS retained the listing status of Monardella viminea as endangered, and removed protections from the individuals now recognized as the separate species, Monardella stoneana, because the latter did not meet the definition of endangered or threatened under the Act [3].
Perennial herbaceous plant with woody base and aromatic foliage. Short-lived, producing new cohort of aerial stems each year from a persisting perennial root structure. Willowy monardella branches arise from trailing stems, so plants tend to grow in groupings or “clumps,†rather than as discrete plants [6]. Found in small and declining populations [7].
Mature plants flower readily (June to August), with flower heads persisting for 10-12 weeks [1].
Very little is known about germination and establishment [7]. No pollination studies known; however, other Monardella taxa are visited by butterfly and bee species [7]. Hummingbirds observed visiting flowers [8]. Seeds are small with a hard seed coat and may fall directly below existing plants after setting [9]. Little known about dispersal; however, seeds and vegetative shoots are believed to be transported by flowing water [10].
Urban development, sand and gravel mining, off-road vehicle use, trampling, fire, erosion, changes to hydrologic regimes, invasive plants, and trash dumping are major threats to this species [7]. Climate change likely to exacerbate threats and may introduce additional threats. Given limited distribution and abundance, more vulnerable to natural catastrophes and stochastic demographic, genetic, and environmental events than species with larger ranges and/or abundance. Genetic effects may further influence population demography via inbreeding depression and genetic drift [11]. Because already small populations may not be able to persist, unlikely that even populations protected in reserves will retain long-term viability if other threats affecting extant populations are not managed or removed [12]. The population appears to be declining with little indication as to the cause. Changing precipitation patterns and hydrologic process are likely a major factor.
At time of listing, 20 occurrences considered to be extant in the United States. In 2008, 9 occurrences were considered extirpated, leaving 11 extant occurrences. Based on information from MCAS Miramar, two additional occurrences have since been extirpated. As a result of taxonomic changes, two southernmost occurrences were reclassified as M. stoneana [3]. Thus, there are now only seven occurrences, most of which are small and fragmented by surrounding development; as of 2008, these seven occurrences were considered to be declining in size [9]. Willowy monardella was transplanted to four sites within historical range as a conservation measure to offset impacts associated with development of Carroll Canyon Business Park. Transplanted sites are in Carroll, Flanders and San Clemente Canyons [13]. Plants at these four sites have experienced low survival. Historically and currently, few surveys exist that indicate numbers of plants present across all known occurrences. Because it is perennial and reproduces vegetatively to some extent [1], a decline in a population due to lack of seedling establishment may be difficult to detect. Some occurrences may consist mostly of older plants and thus show little or no capacity for recruitment. Conservation needs for this species include research to determine why willowy monardella is declining and to develop measures to decrease further decline. Viable willowy monardella seeds should be collected and sent to a seed bank operating
[1] Elvin M.A. and A.C. Sanders. 2003. A new species of Monardella (lamiaceae) from Baja California, Mexico, and southern California, United States. Novon 13:425-432.
[2] MSP-MOM. 2014. Management Strategic Plan Master Occurrence Matrix. http://sdmmp.com/reports_and_products/Reports_Products_MainPage.aspx
[3] US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2012. 50 CFR Part 17: Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: revised endangered status, revised critical habitat designation, and taxonomic revision for Mondardella linoides ssp. viminea. Federal Register 77(44):13393-133447.
[4] Scheid, G.A. 1985. Habitat characteristics of willowy monardella, Monardella linoides spp. Viminea, in San Diego County. Rept. submitted to Caltrans; San Diego State Univ.
[5] Prince, L.M. 2009. The relationship of Monardella viminea to closely related taxa based on analyses of ISSRs. Final Report. P0750003. Prepared by Linda M. Price, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Ave., Claremont, CA 91711-3157. Prepared for USFWS, Carlsbad, CA Office. September 4, 2009.
[6] Epling, C.C. 1925. Monograph of the genus Monardella. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 12:1-106.
[7] US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2011. Intra-Service Formal Section 7 Consultation for Issuance of a Section 10(a)(1)(B) Incidental Take Permit under the Endangered Species Act for the San Diego County Water Authority Subregional Natural Community Conservation Plan/Habitat Conservation Plan, San Diego and Riverside Counties, California. Letter report from US Fish and Wildlife Service Field Supervisor at the Carlsbad office to the Regional Director of the Pacific Southwest Region in Sacramento, California.
[8] Pickens, A.L. 1931. Some families visited by birds. Condor 33:23-28.
[9] Mike Kelly, pers. comm. 2003 In US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2011. Intra-Service Formal Section 7 Consultation for Issuance of a Section 10(a)(1)(B) Incidental Take Permit under the Endangered Species Act for the San Diego County Water Authority Subregional Natural Community Conservation Plan/Habitat Conservation Plan, San Diego and Riverside Counties, California. Letter report from US Fish and Wildlife Service Field Supervisor at the Carlsbad office to the Regional Director of the Pacific Southwest Region in Sacramento, California.
[10] Mark Elvin, pers. comm. 2003 In US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2011. Intra-Service Formal Section 7 Consultation for Issuance of a Section 10(a)(1)(B) Incidental Take Permit under the Endangered Species Act for the San Diego County Water Authority Subregional Natural Community Conservation Plan/Habitat Conservation Plan, San Diego and Riverside Counties, California. Letter report from US Fish and Wildlife Service Field Supervisor at the Carlsbad office to the Regional Director of the Pacific Southwest Region in Sacramento, California.
[11] US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2008. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: initiation of 5-year reviews of 58 species in California and Nevada; availability of completed 50yr reviews in California, Nevada and southern Oregon. Federal Register 73(44):11945-11950.
[12] Kassebaum, J. 2007. Electronic mail responses pertaining to willowy monardella to Heidi Crowell, USFWS, on 21 March 2007, 02 Feb. 2007, 29 Jan. 2007. MCAS Miramar Botanist.
[13] Merkel & Associates, Inc. 2010. 4th annual monitoring report for the Carroll Canyon Business Park willowy monardella (Monardella linoides ssp. Viminea) translocation project. Prepared for Aspen Creek, LLC; Prepared by Kyle L. Ince at Merkel & Associates, Inc. August 2010.